UNIT 1
Zoetrope A cylinder with slits cutverticallyinthesides.Ontheinnersurfaceofthecylinderisabandwith images from a set of pictures in sequence. Itspinsshowingprogressivephasesofthatmotion. The name Zoetrope was composed from the Greekrootwords Zoe(life)andTropos(Turning). Invented by William George Horner in 1834 Praxinoscope Successor to the Zoetrope; Invented in France in 1877 by CharlesÉmile Reynaud. Like the zoetrope, it used a strip of pictures placed around the innersurfaceofaspinningcylinder.The praxinoscope improved on the zoetropebyreplacingitsnarrowviewingslitswithaninnercircle of mirrors, placed so that the reflections of the pictures appeared more or less stationary in position as the wheel turned. Someone looking in the mirrors would therefore see a rapid succession of images producing the illusion of motion. Zoopraxiscope Created by photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge in 1879. Considered to be one of the first movie projectors. It Projected images from rotating glass disks in rapid succession to give the impression of motion. Kinetoscope an early motion picture exhibition device.TheKinetoscopewasdesignedforfilmstobeviewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer window at the top of the device. The
Kinetoscope
was not a movie projector but introduced the basic approach that would become the standard for all cinematic projection before the advent of video, by creating the illusion of movement by conveying a stripofperforatedfilmbearingsequentialimagesoveralightsource with a highspeed shutter. First describedinconceptualtermsbyU.S.inventorThomasEdison in 1888, it was largely developed by his employee William Kennedy Laurie Dickson between 1889 and 1892. Eadweard Muybridge & Galloping Horse English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion, animal locomotion and other early worksinmotionpictureprojection.In1872,the former governor of California, LelandStanford hired Muybridge to prove that during a particular moment in a trotting horse’s gait,all legs are off the ground simultaneously. His first efforts were unsuccessful because his camera lacked a fast shutter. In 1877, using a battery of from 12 to 24 cameras and a special shutter he developed that gave an exposure of 2/1000 of a second. This arrangementgave satisfactory resultsandprovedStanford’scontention.Hewentonwithfurtherphotographicstudiesonmotionandthe results of Muybridge’s work were widely published. His lectures were illustrated with a zoopraxiscope, a lantern he developed that projectedimagesinrapidsuccessionontoascreenfromphotographsprintedonarotatingglassdisc, producing the illusion of moving pictures. The zoopraxiscope display, an important predecessor of the modern cinema, was a sensation at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago.
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Georges Méliès French illusionist andfilmmakerfamousforleadingmanytechnicalandnarrativedevelopmentsintheearliestdaysof cinema. Known to be the father of fiction cinema. A Trip to the Moon (1902) The Impossible Voyage (1904) are considered among the most important early science fiction films, though their approach is closer to fantasy . ‘The Dreyfus affair, (1899) incorporated more than one shot and scene; ‘Trip to the Moon, was the first one reel film. Edwin S. Porter Cameraman of Edison film company, Also a freelance engineer and projectionist. Attemptedmanystylesincinema. Restructured the timefactor of cinema. In “Life of an American Fireman” (1902), Edwin introduced Parallel Action through CrossCutting, Even in a crude form. It is a nine shot narrative and Tried camera movements rather than static shots. “The Great Train Robbery” of 1903 attained amatureformofparallelaction.Conceptof“ChaseScene” is introduced.
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